Saturday, March 20, 2010

Pressure and Speed

Question: If water is forced through the obviously sealed and hole-less pipe from the wide side to the narrow side...
_____________
________/
________ <--
\_____________

a) The water pressure and speed would both go up
b) The water pressure would go up and the speed would go down
c) The water pressure would go down but the speed would go up
d) The water pressure and speed would both go down

This was one of the questions in the science section on the TOPS test (an entry exam to a math-science based high school program). If you picked a) like Yaning and I and probably tons of other people... You are incorrect. As obvious as this might have seemed, it isn't true. If you picked b), you are incorrect as well. If you picked c) like Tom (I think), then you probably either got mixed up with the answers and their letters, or you've heard of Bernoulli's principle.

My question was, "How can the pressure go down if the speed is going up? That's like saying the less force I use to kick this ball, the further it will go." Well, Bernoulli's principle states that when an inviscid flow (one without any viscosity) speeds up, the pressure is reduced due to a conversion from potential to kinetic energy. Also, because the molecules are moving faster, they bump into others more frequently and so they become further apart, resulting in less per unit volume This law is also applied to airfoils.


The shape of it causes air flowing over the foil to move faster and therefore its pressure decreases. The air that flows under the foil is at a higher pressure now and so it creates a lift.

Obviously, d) is now incorrect.

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